Notes:
Sermon 97: On Obedience to Pastors
The problem of the relationships between the Methodists and their Anglican pastors (and sometimes also with their own pastors) had long been linked in Wesley’s mind with his paradoxical concern to hold his societies within the Church of England and yet also to maintain their qualified autonomy. He was equally concerned with his pastoral conviction that every Christian needs a spiritual director in the course of his spiritual growth and development. In 1784 he had altered the character of his ‘annual conference’ from a personal convocation with his preachers into a quasi-public, legal entity, maintaining, however, that this should not be construed as ‘separation’. Also in 1784, he had turned to Heb. 13:17 as the text for a sermon in London. In March 1785, and almost certainly as a comment on the controversy stirred by the events of 1784, he wrote out this sermon as a sort of guideline by which Christians might rightly gauge their duties of ‘obedience’ to their ‘pastors’. There is no record of this in the Journal and only a casual reference in the diary for March 18; clearly, he was simply setting down his summary of an extended discussion.
The sermon first appeared in the Arminian Magazine for May and June 1785 (VIII.236-41, 291-97), without a title but numbered ‘Sermon XXVII’. It was then included with its present title in SOSO, VIII.49-66. We have no record of its being printed elsewhere in Wesley’s lifetime.
03:374On Obedience to Pastors
Hebrews 13:17
Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves; for they watch over your souls, as they that shall give account; that they may do this with joy, and not with grief; for that is unprofitable for you.
11. Exceeding few, not only among nominal Christians, but among truly religious men, have any clear conception of that important doctrine which is here delivered by the Apostle. Very many scarce think of it, and hardly know that there is any such direction in the Bible. And the greater part of those who know it is there, and imagine they follow it, do not understand it, but lean too much either to the right hand or to the left, to one extreme or the other. It is well known to what an extravagant height the Romanists in general carry this direction. Many of them believe an implicit faith is due to the doctrines delivered by those that rule over them, and that implicit obedience ought to be paid to whatever commands they give: and not much less has been insisted on by several eminent men of the Church of England.
Chief among these would have been William Laud (1573-1645), Archbishop of Canterbury (1633-45), whose doctrines of divine regal and ecclesiastical authority required both implicit obedience and explicit conformity. His canons of 1640 required a so-called ‘etcetera oath’, ‘never to give their consent to alter the [episcopal] government of this church [of England]…, etc.’ Thus he became a prime target for the Puritans and another of their victims after their execution of the first Earl of Strafford in 1641.
I.e., the Baptists and Congregationalists. Note Wesley’s own unavowed Anglican presuppositions here (as generally).
22. But is it not possible to find a medium between these two extremes?
See No. 27, ‘Sermon on the Mount, VII’, §4 and n. 9.
First, who are the persons mentioned in the text, ‘they that rule over us’?
Secondly, who are they whom the Apostle directs to ‘obey and submit themselves’ to them?
Thirdly, what is the meaning of this direction? In what sense are they to ‘obey and submit themselves’? I shall then endeavour to make a suitable application of the whole.
11I. 1. Consider we, first, who are the persons mentioned in the text, ‘they that have the rule over you’? I do not conceive that the words of the Apostle are properly translated; because this translation makes the sentence little better than tautology.
Cf. Wesley’s translation and Notes for Heb. 13:17.
22. This interpretation seems to be confirmed by the seventh verse, which fixes the meaning of this. ‘Remember them which have the rule over you, who have spoken unto you the word of God.’
Heb. 13:7.
An echo here of Poole, Annotations (loc. cit.) and the rule he propounds there for pastoral guidance in spiritual things.
33. But by whom are these guides to be appointed? And what are they supposed to do in order to be entitled to the obedience which is here prescribed?
Volumes upon volumes have been wrote on that knotty question, ‘By whom are guides of souls to be appointed?’ I do not 03:376intend here to enter at all into the dispute concerning church government; neither to debate whether it be advantageous or prejudicial to the interest of true religion that the church and the state should be blended together, as they have been ever since the time of Constantine
Cf. No. 61, ‘The Mystery of Iniquity’, §27 and n.
44. But what are they supposed to do in order to entitle them to the obedience here prescribed?
They are supposed to go before the flock (as is the manner of the eastern shepherds to this day) and to guide them in all the ways of truth and holiness; they are to ‘nourish them with the words of eternal life’,
Cf. 1 Tim. 4:6; John 6:68.
Cf. 1 Pet. 2:2.
2 Tim. 3:16.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Cf. Eph. 4:13.
55. They are supposed to ‘watch over your souls, as those that shall give account’. ‘As those that shall give account’! How unspeakably solemn and awful are those words! May God write them upon the heart of every guide of souls!
‘They watch’, waking while others sleep, over the flock of Christ;
See Luke 2:8.
1 Cor. 6:20; 7:23.
Acts 20:28.
See Jas. 5:9.
Acts 10:42; cf. The Apostles’ Creed.
1II. 1. We are, secondly, to consider who those are whom the Apostle directs to obey them that have the rule over them. And in order to determine this with certainty and clearness, we shall not appeal to human institutions, but simply (as in answering the preceding question) appeal to that decision of it which we find in the oracles of God. Indeed we have hardly occasion to go one step farther than the text itself. Only it may be proper, first, to remove out of the way some popular opinions which have been almost everywhere taken for granted, but can in no wise be proved.
22. It is usually supposed, first, that the Apostle is here directing parishioners to obey and submit themselves to the minister of their parish. But can anyone bring the least shadow of proof for this from the Holy Scripture? Where is it written that we are bound to obey any minister because we live in what is called his parish? ‘Yes’, you say, ‘we are bound to “obey every ordinance of man for the Lord’s sake”.’
Cf. 1 Pet. 2:13.
3. ‘But are you not properly members of that congregation to which your parents belong?’ I do not apprehend that I am; I know no Scripture that obliges me to this. I owe all deference to the commands of my parents, and willingly obey them in all things lawful.
Cf. No. 96, ‘On Obedience to Parents’, I.4.
Cf. Matt. 23:8-10 and Notes: ‘Our Lord, therefore, by forbidding us either to give or receive the title of Rabbi (Master or Father) forbids us either to receive any such reverence or to pay any such to any but God.’ See also his criticism of the Moravians for their calling Zinzendorf ‘Rabbi’ (JWJ, Sept. 3, 1741). Cf. his letters to the Moravian Church, §9, June 24, 1744, §9; to Micaiah Towgood, Jan. 10, 1758; his first Preface to the Christian Lib., I.v, §10; Nos. 123, ‘On Knowing Christ after the Flesh’, §8; and 150, ‘Hypocrisy in Oxford’, I.4.
4. But we may bring this matter to a short issue by recurring to the very words of the text. They that have voluntarily connected themselves with such a pastor as answers the description given therein; such as do in fact watch over their souls, as they that shall give account; such as do nourish them up with the words of eternal life;
See John 6:68; and n.8 above.
See 1 Pet. 2:2.
2 Tim. 3:16.
1III. 1. But what is the meaning of this direction? This remains to be considered. In what sense, and how far, does the Apostle direct them to ‘obey and submit to their’ spiritual guides?
If we attend to the proper sense of the two words here used by the Apostle, we may observe that the former of them (πείθεσθε, from πείθω, to persuade) refers to the understanding, the latter, ὐπείκετε,
Cf. the Greek orig. of Heb. 13:17: πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν καὶ ὑπείκετε….
Heb. 12:9.
Cf. Matt. 23:8-9 (Notes).
22. To explain this a little farther. St. James uses a word which is nearly allied to the former of these. ‘The wisdom which is from above is’ εὐπειθής, ‘easy to be convinced,’ or ‘to be persuaded’.
Jas. 3:17; cf. No. 10, ‘The Witness of the Spirit, I’, II.6 and n.
33. A word of nearly the same import with this is frequently used by St. Paul; namely, ἐπιεικής.
The text in James has ἐπιεικής and εὐπειθής. In the Notes Wesley translates ἐπιεικής ‘gentle’ and then explains it: ‘soft, mild, yielding, not rigid’. His dubious point is that St. Paul also uses ἐπιεικής in the same sense as St. James (as in Phil. 4:5; 1 Tim. 3:3; Titus 3:2). The only other cognate usage is 2 Cor. 10:1, ἐπιείκεια; cf. No. 108, On Riches’, I.8 and n.
Cf. Rom. 6:13.
An echo of the Preface to the Sanctus in BCP, Communion.
44. How acceptable to God was an instance of obedience somewhat similar to this! You have a large and particular account of it in the thirty-fifth chapter of Jeremiah. ‘The word of the Lord came to Jeremiah, saying, Go unto the house of the Rechabites, and give them wine to drink. Then I took the whole house of the Rechabites’ (all the heads of their families) ‘and set before them pots full of wine, and said unto them, Drink ye wine. But they said, We will drink no wine: for Jonadab’, a great man in the reign of Jehu, ‘the son of Rechab’, from whom we are named, being the father of our family, ‘commanded us, Ye shall drink no wine, 03:380neither ye nor your sons for ever. And we have obeyed the voice of Jonadab our father, in all that he charged us.’
Cf. Jer. 35:1-3, 5-6, 8.
Cf. Jer. 35:18-19.
55. Now it is certain Christians owe full as much gratitude and obedience to those that watch over their souls as ever the house of the Rechabites owed to Jonadab the son of Rechab. And we cannot doubt but he is as well pleased with our obedience to these as ever he was with their obedience to Jonadab. If he was so well pleased with the gratitude and obedience of this people to their temporal benefactor, have we not all reason to believe he is full as well pleased with the gratitude and obedience of Christians to those who derive far greater blessings to them than ever Jonadab conveyed to his posterity?
66. It may be of use yet again to consider, In what instances is it the duty of Christians to obey and submit themselves to those that watch over their souls? Now the things which they enjoin must be either enjoined of God, or forbidden by him, or indifferent. In things forbidden of God we dare not obey them; for we are to obey God rather than man. In things enjoined of God we do not properly obey them, but our common Father. Therefore if we are to obey them at all it must be in things indifferent. The sum is: it is the duty of every private Christian to obey his spiritual pastor, by either doing or leaving undone anything of an indifferent nature—anything that is in no way determined in the Word of God.
77. But how little is this understood in the Protestant world! At least in England and Ireland! Who is there, even among those that are supposed to be good Christians, who dreams there is such a duty as this? And yet there is not a more express command either in the Old or New Testament. No words can be more clear and plain; no command more direct and positive. Therefore certainly 03:381none who receive the Scripture as the Word of God can live in the habitual breach of this and plead innocence. Such an instance of wilful, or at least careless disobedience, must grieve the Holy Spirit of God. It cannot but hinder the grace of God from having its full effect upon the heart. It is not improbable that this very disobedience may be one cause of the deadness of many souls; one reason of their not receiving those blessings which they seek with some degree of sincerity.
88. It remains only to make a short application of what has now been delivered.
You that read this, do you apply it to yourself? Do you examine yourself thereby? Do not you stop your own growth in grace, if not by wilful disobedience to this command, yet by a careless inattention to it, by not considering it, as the importance of it deserves? If so, you defraud yourself of many blessings which you might enjoy. Or, are you of a better mind, of a more excellent spirit? Is it your fixed resolution and your constant endeavour ‘to obey them that have the rule over you’ in the Lord? To ‘submit yourself as cheerfully to your spiritual as to your natural parents? Do you ask, ‘Wherein should I submit to them?’ The answer has been given already: not in things enjoined of God; not in things forbidden by him; but in things indifferent—in all that are not determined one way or the other by the oracles of God. It is true this cannot be done in some instances without a considerable degree of self-denial, when they advise you to refrain from something that is agreeable to flesh and blood. And it cannot be obeyed in other instances without taking up your cross; without suffering some pain or inconvenience that is not agreeable to flesh and blood. For that solemn declaration of our Lord has place here, as well as on a thousand other occasions, ‘Except a man deny himself, and take up his cross daily, he cannot be my disciple.’
Cf. Luke 9:23; 14:27.
See No. 2, The Almost Christian, on Acts 26:28.
1 Tim. 6:12.
99. I would now apply myself in a more particular manner to you who desire me to watch over your souls. Do you make it a point of conscience to obey me, for my Master’s sake? To ‘submit [03:382]yourselves’ to me in things indifferent, things not determined in the Word of God? In all things that are not enjoined, nor yet forbidden in Scripture? Are you ‘easy to be entreated’, as by men in general, so by me in particular? Easy to be convinced of any truth, however contrary to your former prejudices? And easy to be persuaded to do or forbear any indifferent thing at my desire? You cannot but see that all this is clearly contained in the very words of the text. And you cannot but acknowledge that it is highly reasonable for you so to do, if I do employ all my time, all my substance, all my strength both of body and soul, not in seeking my own honour, or pleasure; but in promoting your present and eternal salvation; if I do indeed ‘watch over your souls as one that must give account’.
1010. Do you then take my advice (I ask in the presence of God and all the world) with regard to dress? I published that advice above thirty years ago:
Cf. Advice to the People called Methodists with regard to Dress. See No. 88, intro. Briefer ‘advices’ on dress had appeared as early as 1744 in ‘Directions given to the Band Societies’ (Dec. 25), and also in Advice to the People called Methodists (1745).
Cf. No. 88, ‘On Dress’, §26 and n.
Cf. Heb. 13:17 (Notes).
Ibid.
1111. I speak all this on supposition (though that is a supposition not to be made) that the Bible was silent on this head; that the Scripture said nothing concerning dress, and left it to everyone’s own discretion. But if all other texts were silent, this is enough, ‘Submit yourselves to them that are over you in the Lord.’ I bind this upon your consciences, in the sight of God. Were it only in obedience to this direction, you cannot be clear before God unless you throw aside all needless ornaments, in utter defiance of that tyrant of fools, fashion;
Cf. No. 25, ‘Sermon on the Mount, V’, IV.3 and n.
1 Tim. 2:10.
1212. Perhaps you will say, ‘This is only a little thing: it is a mere trifle.’ I answer, If it be, you are the more inexcusable before God and man. What! Will you disobey a plain commandment of God for ‘a mere trifle’? God forbid! Is it a trifle to sin against God? To set his authority at nought? Is this a little thing? Nay, remember, there can be no little sin, till we can find a little god! Meantime be assured of one thing: the more conscientiously you obey your spiritual guides, the more powerfully will God apply the word which they speak in his name to your heart! The more plentifully will he water what is spoken with the dew of his blessing:
See Deut. 32:1-2.
See Matt. 10:20.
Bristol, March 18, 1785
Place and date as in AM.
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Entry Title: Sermon 97: On Obedience to Pastors